Pre-Test Single and Double Stage Shrunken Estimators for the Mean of Normal Distribution with Known Variance

This paper is concerned with pre-test single and double stage shrunken estimators for the mean (?) of normal distribution when a prior estimate (?0) of the actule value (?) is available, using specifying shrinkage weight factors ?(?) as well as pre-test region (R). Expressions for the Bias [B(?)], mean squared error [MSE(?)], Efficiency [EFF(?)] and Expected sample size [E(n/?)] of proposed estimators are derived. Numerical results and conclusions are drawn about selection different constants included in these expressions. Comparisons between suggested estimators, with respect to classical estimators in the sense of Bias and Relative Efficiency, are given. Furthermore, comparisons with the earlier existing works are drawn

A Study on Volatility Dynamics and Inter-Sectoral Spillovers Originating from Banking Sector: The Case of Karachi Stock Exchange

The study was conducted to investigate the spillover effects originating from the Banking sector and directionality of these effects on various sectors of Pakistan. The sectors under study were Banks, Oil and Gas, Construction, Chemical, Food Producer, Fixed Line Telecommunication, Electricity sector and Personal Goods sector. Daily data of 251 companies was considered and the time period studied was from 2008 to 2012. We investigated the spillover effects originating from Banking sector and whether they differ across different sector but also examined whether correlation of Banking sector with other sector varies over time. We used BEKK parameterization as used by  (Engle & Kroner, 1995) to detect volatiltity transmission among Banking and all other sectors. We also conducted Granger Causality test on weekly portfolio returns, volatility and conditional standard deviation to have a better understanding. The results of daily data showed returns of banking sector significantly impacted returns in Oil and Gas sector, Chemical and Electricity Sector Returns in Construction and Chemical sector impacted return in banking sector. We tested Granger Causality, on weekly portfolio returns, volatility and conditional standard deviation and then ran the GARCH model on weekly and monthly data set. We concluded that banking sector did play a crucial role in impacting various sectors of the economy but it was also evident from the results that few sectors did impact the Banking sector too. Keywords: Volatility, GARCH Model, Portfolio returns, Banking Secto

Endodontic Re-Treatment of Maxillary Second Molar with Two Separate Palatal Roots: A Case Report

Maxillary second molar with two palatal roots is a rare dental anatomy. The diagnosis and treatment of exceeded root may create challenge for clinicians. The authors discuss the retreatment of a maxillary second molar in which exceeded root was undiagnosed in previous treatment. The case report underlines the importance of complete knowledge about root canal morphology which achieved by careful clinical and radiographic examination. In retreatment procedures clinicians should consider missed canals

The Role of Strategic Vigilance in the Operational Performance of the Banking Sector: Field Research in a Sample of Private Banks

The aim of the research is to highlight the role of strategic vigilance in the operational performance of the vigilance of the importance of the present due to developments and changes in the marketing environment and competitiveness and surrounds the banks of economic, political and environmental changes. Four banks were chosen because of the ability of banks to respond (The North Bank, the Arabian Gulf, the Middle East and the National Investment and Finance), the measuring tool was built and the questionnaire was distributed to the bank managers, who were in the rank of department manager and a division of 34 persons. The results of the research showed that SPSS.V19 There is an effect the relationship of strategic vigilance with operational performance. Keywords: strategic vigilance, environmental vigilance, competitiveness, marketing, technology, operational performance

Evaluating Fuzzy Reliability System using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set

في هذه البحث، يتم حساب المعولية الضبابية لنوع مختلف من الأنظمة باستخدام طريقة الاختزال لنظم السلسلة وتطبيق قواعد مجموعة الحدس الضبابي  كما في المثال التوضيحي مع الاستنتاجاتthis paper a fuzzy  reliability  of a different types of a systems is calculated by using a reduction  method to series system and applying Intuitionistic rules of fuzzy  Sets which deals with uncertainty and incomplete informations to calculate the fuzzy reliability via illustrative example is presented with conclusions

High Capacity Audio Steganography Based on Contourlet Transform

The science of hiding information behind other cover media file is known steganography. Audio steganography means that a secret message is hidden by embedding it in an audio file. This paper presents a new audio steganography approach that is used the contourlet transform to hide a speech and image in an audio signal. The cover audio signal is modified to be suitable as input to contourlet transform and then secret data embed to the subbands of contourlet transform. The results showed high hiding capacity of data up to 90% of cover audio file size. In addition, performance analysis by measures factors: Normalized Correlation (NC), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) appears good quality results for both stego and secret data